With more than 600 million tons of installed capacity, India is the world’s second-largest cement producer and a bellwether for emerging-market infrastructure. National demand is growing, fuelled by highway construction, affordable-housing schemes, and the rapid build-out of solar and wind parks. In many rural districts, a cement plant is one of the largest local employers, supporting logistics, maintenance, and downstream ready-mix networks. Yet the rotary kiln that is the heart of every plant runs at 1400°C and consumes vast quantities of coal, petcock, or alternative fuels. Energy, therefore, makes up a significant slice of ex-factory cost and accounts for a notable share of India’s industrial CO₂ emissions, putting thermal efficiency and decarbonization squarely on the CEO agenda.